WHAT THE WORDS MEAN
Most of what goes wrong in an encounter goes wrong at the vocabulary. A word that sounds like it means one thing often means something narrower, or wider, in the statute. Here is each word Vermont law uses, what it actually means, and the misreading it usually collects.
49 terms
A
Actual notice
Notice the other side actually receives, which is what the tenancy statute counts its periods from.
Notice the other side actually receives, which is what the tenancy statute counts its periods from.
What it is not
The termination date must be stated specifically in the notice.
Actual physical control
Being in a position to operate a vehicle on a highway, which the impaired driving section treats like operating or attempting to operate it.
Being in a position to operate a vehicle on a highway, which the impaired driving section treats like operating or attempting to operate it.
What it is not
A person need not be driving the car for the section to reach them.
Aggravated assault
Causing serious bodily injury, causing bodily injury with a deadly weapon, or threatening with a deadly weapon, among other forms.
Causing serious bodily injury, causing bodily injury with a deadly weapon, or threatening with a deadly weapon, among other forms.
What it is not
Serious injury, not the weapon alone, is what carries up to 15 years.
Aggravated disorderly conduct
A course of conduct directed at a specific person to annoy them or disturb their peace, through fighting, unreasonable noise, public abusive language, or threats.
A course of conduct directed at a specific person to annoy them or disturb their peace, through fighting, unreasonable noise, public abusive language, or threats.
What it is not
It is not the public version; it is targeted at one person, and carries up to 180 days.
C
Civil suspension
The license suspension that follows an officer's affidavit of a refusal or a test at or over the limit, decided in its own hearing apart from the criminal case.
Also called summary suspension
The license suspension that follows an officer's affidavit of a refusal or a test at or over the limit, decided in its own hearing apart from the criminal case.
What it is not
It is not a conviction, and it runs on its own clock: six months on a refusal, 90 days on a test over the limit.
Consensual guardianship
A guardianship of a child that the parents consent to, on a written agreement covering duties, length and contact.
A guardianship of a child that the parents consent to, on a written agreement covering duties, length and contact.
What it is not
It ends on the parent's motion unless the guardian proves within 30 days that the child still needs one.
Criminal threatening
Knowingly threatening someone by words or conduct so that they reasonably fear death, serious bodily injury or sexual assault.
Knowingly threatening someone by words or conduct so that they reasonably fear death, serious bodily injury or sexual assault.
What it is not
A threat aimed at a school, library, place of worship, polling place or government building carries more.
D
Dangerous weapon
For an extreme risk order, an explosive or a firearm.
For an extreme risk order, an explosive or a firearm.
What it is not
Ammunition and its components are not explosives under the definition.
Derivative proceeds
What is bought or gained with money from drug sales, which can be forfeited.
What is bought or gained with money from drug sales, which can be forfeited.
What it is not
A family's primary residence is not derivative proceeds.
Disorderly conduct
Fighting, unreasonable noise, abusive language in public, disturbing a lawful meeting, or blocking traffic, meant to cause or recklessly risking public inconvenience or annoyance.
Fighting, unreasonable noise, abusive language in public, disturbing a lawful meeting, or blocking traffic, meant to cause or recklessly risking public inconvenience or annoyance.
What it is not
The aggravated form is a course of conduct aimed at one specific person.
Durable power of attorney
A power of attorney that survives the principal's incapacity, which is the default unless it says otherwise.
A power of attorney that survives the principal's incapacity, which is the default unless it says otherwise.
What it is not
It does not need the word durable to be durable.
Dwelling unit
A building, or part of one, used as a primary home, residence or sleeping place by people who keep a household, which is what the home grow limit counts by.
A building, or part of one, used as a primary home, residence or sleeping place by people who keep a household, which is what the home grow limit counts by.
What it is not
The plant limit is per dwelling unit, not per adult.
E
Earned sick time
Paid time an employee accrues at not less than one hour for every 52 hours worked.
Also called paid sick leave
Paid time an employee accrues at not less than one hour for every 52 hours worked.
What it is not
An employer may make a new hire wait up to a year to use it.
Eluding a police officer
Failing to stop when signaled by an officer displaying insignia, or by a police vehicle with a siren and blue lights.
Also called attempting to elude
Failing to stop when signaled by an officer displaying insignia, or by a police vehicle with a siren and blue lights.
What it is not
It is separate from resisting arrest, and it carries more when driven negligently or when someone is seriously hurt.
Executive session
The part of a public body's meeting closed to the public, entered only by an open vote on a motion stating its nature, for listed subjects.
Also called closed session
The part of a public body's meeting closed to the public, entered only by an open vote on a motion stating its nature, for listed subjects.
What it is not
No binding action is taken in it, apart from real estate options.
Extreme risk protection order
A Family Division order barring a person who poses an extreme risk of harm from buying, possessing or receiving a dangerous weapon, for up to six months.
Also called red flag order, ERPO
A Family Division order barring a person who poses an extreme risk of harm from buying, possessing or receiving a dangerous weapon, for up to six months.
What it is not
It is not a criminal charge, and an emergency order lasts only up to 14 days.
F
False pretenses
Obtaining money, property, a release of a debt or a signature by a false pretense or false token with intent to defraud.
Obtaining money, property, a release of a debt or a signature by a false pretense or false token with intent to defraud.
What it is not
The maximum turns on whether the value is over $900.
Financial responsibility
The liability policy or bond of at least $25,000 for one person, $50,000 for two or more, and $10,000 for property that every owner and driver must carry.
Also called proof of insurance
The liability policy or bond of at least $25,000 for one person, $50,000 for two or more, and $10,000 for property that every owner and driver must carry.
What it is not
Proof may be shown on a phone without consenting to a look at anything else on it.
G
Grand larceny
Stealing money or property worth more than $900, carrying up to 10 years.
Stealing money or property worth more than $900, carrying up to 10 years.
What it is not
At $900 or less it is petit larceny, up to one year.
Gross misconduct
Flagrant, wanton, intentional disregard of the employer's interest, such as theft, fraud or intoxication.
Flagrant, wanton, intentional disregard of the employer's interest, such as theft, fraud or intoxication.
What it is not
Ordinary misconduct disqualifies for a set number of weeks; gross misconduct until new earnings pass a threshold.
H
Hindering arrest
Intentionally hindering a law enforcement officer's arrest of another person.
Intentionally hindering a law enforcement officer's arrest of another person.
What it is not
Resisting is the word for one's own arrest; hindering is about someone else's.
I
Identifying information
A person's name, birth date, social security and account numbers, passwords, photos, and health and financial records, among other details.
A person's name, birth date, social security and account numbers, passwords, photos, and health and financial records, among other details.
What it is not
Using it is identity theft only when the purpose is to commit a crime, or when it is passed on so another can.
Immediate family member
For a private gun transfer, a spouse, parent, child, sibling, grandparent or great grandparent, grandchild or great grandchild, and their step relations.
For a private gun transfer, a spouse, parent, child, sibling, grandparent or great grandparent, grandchild or great grandchild, and their step relations.
What it is not
Aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews and cousins are not on the list, so a transfer to them goes through a dealer.
L
Large capacity ammunition feeding device
A magazine, belt, drum or similar device holding more than 10 rounds for a long gun or more than 15 for a handgun.
Also called high capacity magazine
A magazine, belt, drum or similar device holding more than 10 rounds for a long gun or more than 15 for a handgun.
What it is not
Devices lawfully possessed before the section took effect are excepted.
Learner's permit
The permit that lets an unlicensed person 15 or older drive with a licensed parent or guardian, an instructor, an examiner, or a licensed person at least 25 beside them.
Also called permit
The permit that lets an unlicensed person 15 or older drive with a licensed parent or guardian, an instructor, an examiner, or a licensed person at least 25 beside them.
What it is not
A licensed adult under 25 is not a qualified supervisor unless a parent, guardian, instructor or examiner.
M
Maintenance
Support one spouse may be ordered to pay the other, rehabilitative or long term.
Also called alimony, spousal support
Support one spouse may be ordered to pay the other, rehabilitative or long term.
What it is not
It turns on need and the marital standard of living, not on fault.
N
Negligent operation
Driving on a public highway in a negligent manner, judged by ordinary negligence: whether the driver breached the duty to use ordinary care.
Also called careless driving
Driving on a public highway in a negligent manner, judged by ordinary negligence: whether the driver breached the duty to use ordinary care.
What it is not
It is a crime, not a ticket, carrying up to one year.
Notice of intention to suspend
The notice an officer serves after a refusal or a test over the limit, with a form to request a hearing.
The notice an officer serves after a refusal or a test over the limit, with a form to request a hearing.
What it is not
It is not the suspension itself: a hearing request within seven days keeps it from taking effect until the court orders it.
O
Obstruction of justice
Corruptly, or by threats or force, intimidating or impeding a witness, juror or court officer, or obstructing the administration of justice.
Also called witness intimidation
Corruptly, or by threats or force, intimidating or impeding a witness, juror or court officer, or obstructing the administration of justice.
What it is not
It also reaches injuring a witness or damaging their property because of their part in a case.
Operation without consent of the owner
Taking or driving another's motor vehicle without the owner's consent, which becomes aggravated when, among other things, it is not recovered within 24 hours.
Also called joyriding
Taking or driving another's motor vehicle without the owner's consent, which becomes aggravated when, among other things, it is not recovered within 24 hours.
What it is not
It does not require intent to keep the car, which is what separates it from grand larceny.
P
Parental leave
Leave for pregnancy, recovery from childbirth or miscarriage, a birth, or the placement of a child for adoption or foster care.
Leave for pregnancy, recovery from childbirth or miscarriage, a birth, or the placement of a child for adoption or foster care.
What it is not
It is unpaid unless the employee uses accrued paid leave.
Parental rights and responsibilities
The rights and duties a court divides, shares, or awards to one parent, in the child's best interests.
Also called custody
The rights and duties a court divides, shares, or awards to one parent, in the child's best interests.
What it is not
A parent without them still has access to the child's records unless a court orders otherwise.
Passenger area
The part of a vehicle meant to seat the driver and passengers and anything within their reach, including an unlocked glove compartment.
The part of a vehicle meant to seat the driver and passengers and anything within their reach, including an unlocked glove compartment.
What it is not
A locked glove compartment is outside it, and so is the area behind the last upright seat in a car with no trunk.
Portable electronic device
A phone or similar device, which a driver may not use while operating on a public highway except hands-free or as a mounted navigation system.
Also called handheld device
A phone or similar device, which a driver may not use while operating on a public highway except hands-free or as a mounted navigation system.
What it is not
Operating includes waiting at a light or stopped in traffic on the highway.
Protected tenant
A tenant who reasonably fears imminent harm from abuse, sexual assault or stalking, or who was sexually assaulted on the premises, and may end a lease early.
A tenant who reasonably fears imminent harm from abuse, sexual assault or stalking, or who was sexually assaulted on the premises, and may end a lease early.
What it is not
The tenant gives written notice and documentation at least 30 days ahead.
Public record
A record of a public agency, which any person may inspect or copy unless the law exempts it.
A record of a public agency, which any person may inspect or copy unless the law exempts it.
What it is not
The agency, not the requester, bears the burden of justifying a denial.
R
Recklessly endangering another person
Recklessly placing another person in danger of death or serious bodily injury.
Also called reckless endangerment
Recklessly placing another person in danger of death or serious bodily injury.
What it is not
Pointing a firearm at someone is presumed to be it, whether or not the gun was loaded.
Retail theft
Taking merchandise without paying, switching price tags, or moving goods between containers to pay less, meaning to wrongfully deprive the merchant.
Also called shoplifting
Taking merchandise without paying, switching price tags, or moving goods between containers to pay less, meaning to wrongfully deprive the merchant.
What it is not
The penalties step up at $250 and $900 in value, and with a repeat offense.
S
Security deposit
Money a landlord holds against unpaid rent, damage beyond normal wear and tear, unpaid utilities owed, and removing abandoned belongings.
Money a landlord holds against unpaid rent, damage beyond normal wear and tear, unpaid utilities owed, and removing abandoned belongings.
What it is not
It is not a fund for ordinary wear and tear, and missing the 14 day return forfeits it.
Seeking medical assistance
Getting professional help for someone experiencing an overdose, including giving care while waiting for it to arrive.
Getting professional help for someone experiencing an overdose, including giving care while waiting for it to arrive.
What it is not
The protection covers evidence gained from the call, not evidence from an independent source.
Short term family leave
Unpaid leave of up to four hours in 30 days and 24 hours a year for a family member's school, medical or emergency needs.
Unpaid leave of up to four hours in 30 days and 24 hours a year for a family member's school, medical or emergency needs.
What it is not
It is in addition to the longer family leave.
Simple assault
Causing or trying to cause bodily injury, or menacing someone with fear of serious injury.
Causing or trying to cause bodily injury, or menacing someone with fear of serious injury.
What it is not
A fight entered by mutual consent is still simple assault, with a lower maximum.
Small estate
An estate of not more than $45,000, entirely personal property, that can be opened with a short list of papers.
An estate of not more than $45,000, entirely personal property, that can be opened with a short list of papers.
What it is not
Real estate keeps an estate out of the small estate procedure.
Straw purchase
Buying a firearm for someone the buyer knows or should know is barred from having one, or who means to carry it in a felony.
Buying a firearm for someone the buyer knows or should know is barred from having one, or who means to carry it in a felony.
What it is not
Buying under threats or coercion is not a violation.
T
Theft of services
Obtaining services known to be available only for pay, by deception, threat, a false token or another way of avoiding payment.
Also called dine and dash
Obtaining services known to be available only for pay, by deception, threat, a false token or another way of avoiding payment.
What it is not
Leaving a hotel or restaurant without paying is presumed deception, though it can be rebutted.
V
Vulnerable user
A person on foot, on a bicycle, or otherwise unprotected by a vehicle, whom a passing driver gives due care and increased clearance.
A person on foot, on a bicycle, or otherwise unprotected by a vehicle, whom a passing driver gives due care and increased clearance.
What it is not
The clearance is at least four feet, not a matter of judgment.
W
Warranty of habitability
The promise in every residential rental that the premises are safe, clean and fit to live in, including safe heat and adequate water.
The promise in every residential rental that the premises are safe, clean and fit to live in, including safe heat and adequate water.
What it is not
It cannot be waived by the lease.
Writ of possession
The court order the sheriff serves after a landlord wins an eviction, putting the landlord in possession.
The court order the sheriff serves after a landlord wins an eviction, putting the landlord in possession.
What it is not
The sheriff acts no earlier than 14 days after serving it.
About this guide — definitions, not applications. Whether a word describes what happened in a particular case is exactly the question a licensed Vermont attorney answers and a glossary cannot. Current as of October 2026.